In the ever-evolving world of web development, delivering a seamless user experience is no longer a luxury—it’s a necessity. One of the key initiatives driving performance improvements today comes from Google’s Core Web Vitals, a set of specific metrics aimed at improving on-page user experience. Among these, Interaction to Next Paint (INP) is gaining increased attention as it replaces First Input Delay (FID) in 2024 as a critical performance metric. But what exactly is INP, and how can developers reduce it on real-world websites?
Understanding INP: What Is It and Why It Matters
INP measures the latency of all interactions on a web page—like taps, clicks, and keyboard interactions—and returns the worst-performing one. Unlike FID, which only measured input delay, INP includes the time it takes for the browser to respond after input and render the next frame. Essentially, it reflects how quickly users see a response after they take action.
According to Google’s guidelines:
- Good: INP ≤ 200 ms
- Needs Improvement: 200 ms < INP ≤ 500 ms
- Poor: INP > 500 ms
A high INP score can lead to user frustration, decreased engagement, and lower conversion rates. That’s why optimizing for INP is not just about ticking a metric box—it’s about making your website truly responsive and user-friendly.
Assessing INP on Real Websites
Before optimizing, you need to measure. Tools like PageSpeed Insights, Chrome User Experience Report (CrUX), Lighthouse, and Web Vitals Chrome Extension are instrumental in diagnosing INP performance. However, it’s essential to differentiate between field and lab data:
- Field Data: Collected from real users, reflects actual experiences and is ideal for understanding INP.
- Lab Data: Simulated conditions; useful for debugging but might not capture the worst INP values.
The best insights come from analyzing real-world INP issues using tools like Chrome DevTools Performance tab, which helps trace long tasks and input delays.
Common Causes of Poor INP
When you dig into bad INP scores, several patterns emerge. Here are some of the most frequent culprits across real websites:
- Heavy JavaScript Execution: Long tasks that block the main thread prevent the browser from handling interactions promptly.
- Synchronous Rendering: Work that gets triggered upon user interaction—like DOM updates, style recalculations, and layout shifts—can delay rendering.
- Large Event Handlers: Event listeners tied to click or input elements might kick off expensive operations.
- Animations and Transitions: Poorly optimized animations can delay the first meaningful visual change after user interaction.
Identifying these issues is the first step. The real challenge lies in fixing them without impacting functionality.
Tactics to Reduce INP on Real Sites
Now that we know what causes poor INP, let’s explore practical, hands-on strategies to mitigate it on your website.
1. Optimize JavaScript Execution
Minimizing long tasks and excessive scripting can dramatically improve INP. Here’s how:
- Break up Long Tasks: Use
setTimeout(),requestIdleCallback(), orrequestAnimationFrame()to slice heavy operations into smaller chunks. - Defer Non-Critical JS: Move scripts not needed for initial interaction out of the critical rendering path.
- Use Web Workers: Offload complex computations off the main thread entirely.
2. Preload Critical Assets
Users might interact with your UI before all assets load. To avoid delays due to missing fonts or images, preload what’s necessary:
- Fonts used immediately after page load should be preloaded using
<link rel="preload" as="font" ...> - Images triggering after interaction should be prioritized and preloaded, especially CTA-related visuals.
3. Use Interaction Ready Components
If you’re using frameworks like React, Vue, or Angular, you might be loading code-split or lazy-loaded components after interaction. This leads to delays post-click. Instead:
- Prefetch components likely to be interacted with soon using dynamic imports.
- Defer complex rerenders and avoid recalculating layout styles unless necessary.
Consider tools like React Profiler or Svelte’s Performance Inspector for this.
4. Reduce Style and Layout Jank
Style recalculations and layout thrashing can stop INP improvements dead in their tracks. Common fixes include:
- Caching computed values instead of recalculating them on every interaction.
- Using `will-change` and CSS containment to isolate heavy elements from triggering global reflows.
5. Optimize Event Handlers
Keep your event listeners lean. For instance:
- Avoid fetching data or running validations synchronously immediately after a click.
- Use async/await patterns or split the logic using promises so that the next paint isn’t delayed.
Also, remember that non-passive event listeners can delay scroll performance, indirectly affecting overall responsiveness.
Case Study: Improving INP on a Retail Site
Let’s look at a real-world example. A leading e-commerce retailer found their INP values averaging 600 ms on mobile. The main issue was that clicking “Add to Cart” would trigger both a database update and a cart animation immediately—jamming the main thread.
The development team applied several INP optimizations:
- Deferred the database update with a
setTimeout()of 100 ms. - Offloaded analytics events to a web worker.
- Streamlined the cart animation using CSS transforms instead of JavaScript-based animation.
Result? Their INP dropped to 140 ms, and they saw an increase in conversions of 12% within two weeks.
Monitoring INP Continuously
One-time fixes are not enough; web performance is an ongoing commitment. Here’s how to keep INP under control:
- Real User Monitoring (RUM): Integrate RUM tools like New Relic, SpeedCurve, or Plausible.
- Set INP Budgets: Establish performance thresholds in your CI/CD pipeline using Lighthouse CI or custom audits.
- Analyze Trends: Track INP scores across sessions and correlate with changes in UI, functionality, or traffic conditions.
The Human Impact of Better INP
At the end of the day, performance isn’t just about metrics—it’s about users. Faster interactions feel more natural, helping people trust your site and stay longer. While INP may sound technical, it directly reflects how your site feels in users’ hands.
Better INP promotes:
- Increased conversion rates
- Higher user retention
- Enhanced accessibility and inclusivity
Whether you’re developing for e-commerce, publishing, applications, or media, optimizing INP makes your digital experience lighter, faster, and more connected to human expectations.
Conclusion
INP is the new frontier of user interaction measurement, providing developers with a more complete picture of performance. By making smart technical decisions—breaking up long tasks, optimizing critical path rendering, and proactively monitoring user input—you can significantly improve your site’s responsiveness.
Start small, measure well, and iterate continuously. Because in the end, performance is not just a goal; it’s a user promise.
- GA4 Consent Mode v2: Implementation, Testing, and Reporting Gaps - September 16, 2025
- Core Web Vitals in Practice: Reducing INP on Real Sites - September 16, 2025
- UTM Parameters vs. Ad Blockers: Preservation Strategies That Stick - September 16, 2025